Life review paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life review paper - Essay Example This made him be highly esteemed by the public and his relations due to his advanced age. He is loved by the members of his family and receives plenty of attention from them. During his childhood, he gained the first experience of death; his father passed on when he was still young. This resulted in his mother being the lone breadwinner, who struggled to fend for him along with his kin. Despite this, he still regards his childhood as a happy one. The interviewee was in a lasting marriage of 56 years and has been living as a widower, since his wife’s demise 17 years ago. Then interviewee owned a farm and cultivated corn. This became his sole career throughout his life. He, however, is not conversant with what hobby he participates in, but is an avid saver and always comes up with methods of saving cash. He practices the catholic religion and is a believer of the Christian doctrines, he accepts as true that God and heaven exist. This is palpable in the actuality that he has faith that he will join up with his spouse in heaven (Birkeland et al. 2009). As the article highlights, the elderly people are faced with several constraints, mostly physical, as they find themselves unable to cope with other activities. However, although such physical constraints put limits on the elderly level of activity, it highlights that they managed to perform other activities, which were not physically demanding for their strength. It shows from the study conducted that the elderly people who suffered from chronic diseases and injuries managed to adapt to the situation by accepting their status and conditions. In the conversation with the researcher, the interviewee also admitted having accepted his situation as an elderly and further ascertained of his illness. He believes that aging is part of being human and explains that, although it is sad to be incapacitated, to do things that one loved doing, and depend on others to do them, it is part of life  and his destiny

The value the ICH Guidelines bring to the field of clinical research Essay

The value the ICH Guidelines bring to the field of clinical research - Essay Example The quality guidelines ensure maintenance of high quality in clinical research at all times. The guidelines provide harmonization procedures that are crucial for standardization of clinical research. The presence of standardization means it is easy to monitor factors that point to low quality. The quality guidelines provide the thresholds for testing and a relatively flexible approach to research that includes the use of pharmaceutical products (ICH, 2005). Quality guidelines ensure good manufacturing practices are implemented in the production of all pharmaceutical products. ICH guidelines support clinical research by availing detailed safety guidelines that increases the chances of success and limits injuries (ICH, 2005). The guidelines aid in identifying or unearthing potential risks, which include carcinogenicity, reprotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Recently, there was a breakthrough in a non-clinical testing strategy that is used to assess the QT internal prolongation liability. It is a signification contribution to the field of clinical research. The carcinogenicity studies provide safety guidelines on the use of rodents, the importance of carcinogenicity pharmaceuticals, prices, and any relevant issues that affect the performance of the drug. Safety guidelines help in maximizing success and minimizing failure and losses. Safety is among the foundational issues in matters concerning clinical research. Efficacy guidelines are all about conduct, design, safety and the reporting guidelines for clinical trials (ICH, 2005). They provide a benchmark that can be used to measure success or efficiency in the clinical research. The guidelines also touch on new drugs that have been made biotechnological procedures and the use of genomic techniques. These processes aid in the development of improved medicines. These guidelines have a huge impact on the safety of clinical

Malcolm knowles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Malcolm knowles - Assignment Example In one of his books, Platon’s Educational Ideas, Kapp highlights the necessity for lifelong learning. Kapp argues that education, educating the character and self reflection of the character are the first essentials in human life. He analyzes the education of an individual and combines the inner personality character and the outer objective competencies, deriving a conclusion that learning occurs not only through teachers but also through life experiences and self reflection. Later in 1920’s, the theory found its roots through a group of scholars from Germany. Their idea was sophisticated and theory-oriented and was not extensively shared thus it was forgotten. The 1950’s saw the emergence of publication of Andragogy in Germany, Netherlands, Yugoslavia and Switzerland. The application of the theory was still known to insiders. The theory gained global recognition in 1960’s by the influence of Malcolm Knowles. Knowles published this theory in 1968 under the title â€Å"Andragogy, not Pedagogy†. The theory became widely known and was applied majorly for adult education (Melick, Richard & Shera 112). The andragogic model as formulated by Knowles highlights five issues that need to be considered and addressed by formal educators. First, the learning candidate should be informed of the importance of learning and why. This assumption (or principle) does not emphasize on the reasons why the students/ learners are in the classroom but rather on the importance of each item they are taught when in the classroom. Secondly, the learners should be shown how to guide and direct themselves through information. This includes respecting the learning styles of the candidates. There are generally three learning styles; visual, kinetic and auditory. Visual learners rely mostly on pictures. They understand the education topic much better by use of illustrations, graphs and diagrams and adapt

Human Resources Management Strategy Research Paper

Human Resources Management Strategy - Research Paper Example HRM mainly focuses on the policies as well as system of an organization. Based on the current human resource management HAAD also focus on the studies of health related behaviors of human along with the studies of diagnostic and preventive measures to avoid the health related problem of emirates of Abu Dhabi and improve their quality and standard of life. HAAD ensures the safety people by implementing strategic plan and the standard principles. The management of HAAD also provides good facilities to the staff members in order to improve their performance and to provide the best health care services to people of Abu Dhabi. The management of HAAD also communicates regarding the safety and security of staff along with patients to prevent the health regarded issues (Mazrouei, 2008). The facilities, which are provided by HAAD, should be abided by the decisions of Research Ethics Committee for greater effectiveness. The investigators of HAAD should have relevant qualification as well as experience on the relevant field to conduct the research related to the health care services and make it effective. The HR managers or HR professionals play the most important role in the improvement of the organizational structure of HAAD and achieve the objective of HAAD by ensuring the safety of life of emirate of Abu Dhabi (Khadamat, 2007). The HRM policies of HAAD are effective as it provides proper policies for effective health measurement. SWOT analysis is a planning method to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to the management of an organization. This is an important aspect to determine the effectiveness of HAAD towards the local communities by providing healthcare measures. The objective is to develop healthcare for preventing diseases and provide adequate support to people of Abu Dhabi. Strengths of current human resource management of HAAD is that it provides better facilities to employees to

Profitability & Social Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Profitability & Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The advent of the French Revolution brought about a trend whereby the masses sought to get equal opportunities and also use the principles of science that came with the Enlightenment in Europe to create the best possible economic system (Martinson, 2006: 137). Say's definition of 'entrepreneurship' is described by Drucker as 'shifting economic resources out of an area of lower productivity into an area of higher productivity and greater yield (Drucker, 2007: 19) This suggests that innovation has to do with efficient and effective use of resources for both the producer and for the consumer. For the producer, there is the need to find the best methods of providing the best products for consumers. Consumers also seek to get the best of products on the market. Innovation is therefore a very important element for the establishment and survival of businesses. Funding Innovation However, innovation is not easy in organisations. Innovation involves a lot of capital to fund research in a stru ctured system (Neff, 2003: 76). Neff (2003: 78) does an analysis of two businesses that produce the same product. There is a constant pressure on both of them to offer their clients the best products and this means they will have to find ways and means of producing goods and services. The issue here is that research and innovation is based on a high degree of uncertainty. However, these two businesses will have to find ways of going through these uncertainties to deliver better quality products to remain ahead of the other. They will therefore need to find ways of funding their research and development system otherwise, they will have to settle for serious risks relating to their survival. Businesses go... Profitability & Social Entrepreneurship Historically, innovation is thought of as the basis of business. Bessant & Tidd classify the process of innovation into two main categories. The first category is invention and the second is improvement. When something is invented that solves a genuine problem in the society, it is presented to the public to help them solve their needs. However, the normal mode through which this is done, is to get people to part with some consideration in order to use newly invented things to solve their problems. This therefore calls for the formation of a legally recognized business to act as an entity to monitor and manage the process of presenting the invented material to the public. This is done through the commercialization of the idea which involves exchange of economic consideration. As time goes on and a business gets competitors and new trends come up, there is the need for the creation of new products and processes to prevent the death of an organization. Bessant & Tidd therefore recommen d that a business needs a blend of structured and emergent systems to manage innovation. Innovation is central to all businesses around the globe. Invention gives the impetus for business in the commercial sense. Innovation is what keeps the business going. Both invention and innovation are based on research which demands a lot of funding. Thus a business has a primary objective of remaining innovative to survive and this means finding money to pay for research and operational costs.

New Venture Creation Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

New Venture Creation Project - Essay Example This is because it influences the manner in which they interact with their peers, and the manner in which they conduct their business operations. For instance, the current century is shaped by the emergence of the social media. People look for friends and associations in sights such as facebook, web2.0, and twitter (Pakroo and Marcia, 20). A large percentage of people access these sights by using the computers. Business men on the other hand peruse through the internet in search of information concerning their business activities (Murthy, 23). Murthy (25) further denotes that business organizations cannot achieve their objectives without using computers. Basing on this background, there is a ready market for computer products. On this note, it is advisable to invest in this sector, and to do this, an entrepreneur must have a business plan. A plan will help in raising funds for the business enterprise, and therefore set directions for the business. For instance, this plan identifies t he computer services and products my business intends to offer, and the location of the business establishment. It identifies the scope of the business operations, and the managerial personnel. It also identifies the marketing strategies of the business establishment, its growth plan, and the expected sales revenues. It also identifies the capital required and whether there is a need for an investor. Products and Services offered: The computer products for sale are all computers hardware and software. This includes hardware components such as central processing units (CPUs), tfts, monitors, and a computer key board. The business also sells products such as Kaspersky’s; an anti-virus. The business concerns itself with the repair of broken computer parts, and the designing of websites for companies, and individual people. A central processing unit is a computer hardware whose main function is to carry the instructions of a computer program through logical and arithmetic operati ons of a computer system (Murthy, 34). It is a core requirement for a computer system to be complete. On this note there, these hardware’s will form a majority of the computer products that my organization will sell. Other products are the TFTS, the monitors, and the computer keyboards. My organization can also assemble these parts for purposes of producing a complete computer system. But this service will only depend on the requirements of the customer. Computer systems are also under attack from viruses, and other computer malwares. On this basis therefore, a computer system needs to have software’s that protects it from such kind of attacks. Basing on this need, my organization will seek to sell anti-virus and anti-malwares software such as Kaspersky. Kaspersky is effective in protecting computer systems from malware and virus attack (Murthy, 27). Basing on this notion, Kaspersky’s is a much sought after computer software, and it will prove to be profitable i f we trade in it. The business establishment will also have a repair unit, composed of highly trained individuals on all manner computer maintenance and repairs (Perryer, 28). I believe this service is essential considering the nature of our business. For example, a customer might buy a product from us, and it becomes defective. The proper way is to repair the product, instead of returning back his or her cash. The business will also concern itself with the designing of websites, for individuals and corporate organizations. In the current

Design of Organizational Control Mechanisms Essay Example for Free

Design of Organizational Control Mechanisms Essay Problem: When a team of individuals produce a single output the problem arises on how to contribute the reward so that every individual is equally rewarded. This article examines three different mechanisms to deal with this issue: 1.Markets Markets deals with the control problem through precise measurement and reward of individual contributions. 2.Bureaucrats Bureaucrats rely on a mixture of close evaluation with socialized acceptance of common objectives. 3.Clans Clans rely on a relatively complete socialization process which effectively eliminates goal incongruence between individuals. Introduction: Controls (by Tannenbaum)=sum of interpersonal influence relations in an organization Controls (Ezioni)= control is equivalent to power Controls (Weber)= a problem in creating and monitoring rules through a hierarchical authority system Main questions in article: 1) What are the mechanisms through which an organization can be managed so that it moves towards its objectives? 2) How can the design of these mechanisms be improved, what are the limits of each design? An example: The parts supply division Purchasing department: buys 100.000 items (p.a.) from 3.000 suppliers purchased by 22 employees on 3 management levels. †¢Purchasing officer send out request to 3 manufacturers and adds information on reliability, and the order †¢Supervisor Consults agents if they need help and reminds workers that they are not allowed to accept presents Warehousing operations: 1.400 employees (incl. 150 manager) †¢Pickers and packers (worker) †¢Supervisor (manager) Formal authority (written rules) Informal authority (personality) Three mechanisms: 1.Market mechanism purchasing function Agents and supervisory employ market mechanism: to minimize cost for the company by picking the best price on the markets. In a market prices convey all of the information necessary for efficient decision-making. Frictionless market: Prices represent exactly the value of good or service. Therefore reward can be contributed in direct proportion to contribution of employee! Agents and supervisory are subject to bureaucratic mechanisms: Their work is controlled by a set of bureaucratic surveillance controls (performance evaluation, hierarchical oder-giving) 2.Bureaucratic mechanism warehousing function Warehousing is subject to routines of monitoring and directing. This is done by close personal surveillance and direction of subordinates by superiors, based on a set of rules. Rules vs. price: Rules are arbitrary (beliebige) standards without comparison, based on assigned values of (successful) actions. Prices imply that a comparison has already taken place. Prices are far more efficient means of controlling transactions than are rules. However, the conditions necessary for frictionless prices can rarely be met, and in such conditions the bureaucratic form, despite its inadequacies, is preferred. 3.Informal social / clan mechanism Supervisors can rely on bureaucratic mechanisms but this requires surveillance which is associated with costs. But when the supervisor knows that his workers achieve the right objectives, he can eliminate many of the costly forms of audition and surveillance. Social and informational prerequisites of control The three models can be arranged along two dimensions: 1.Informational requirements =prerequisite to successful operation 2.Social underpinnings = Set of agreements between people, as a bare minimum, is basis for control Type of controlSocial requirementsInformational requirements MarketsNorm of Reciprocity (Wechselwirkung) Prices BureaucracyNorm of Reciprocity Legitimate authorityRules ClanNorm of Reciprocity Legitimate authority Shared values, beliefsTraditions The informational prerequisite of control: While a Clan is the most demanding and the Market the least demanding with respect to social underpinnings, the opposite is true when it comes to information. Within large organizations departments tend to develop own jargon in which complex information is easily transported. Each system carries information on how to behave: †¢Explicit system: accounting system easily accessible by newcomer (system is created) †¢Implicit system: is far less complete in its ability to convey information. e.g. US Senate need years to understand flow of information (systems grow up) Companies attempting to control the organization through a price (=market) mechanism use transfer prices to represent prices of internal performances. The advantage should be obtained by using the best prices within the firm. Organizations can also create an explicit set of rules (behavior as well as production and output) that will cover every situation and therefore cut the information problem down by using rules that will cover 90% of all events and depending upon hierarchical authority to settle the remaining 10%. Again legitimate authority is critical to bureaucracy. In a Clan the information is contained in the rituals, stories and ceremonies. So to say the information system does not require a information system, its just there. For example Chinese-American Hui: conducts business as venture capital lender but they also enter risky businesses and even the repayments are left open. Entry is only granted by birthright, a practice that guarantees that every member is part in the same social network and therefore behave to the same rules and principles. While the Market and Clan are both specialized approaches it is the Bureaucratic which is the system that is most flexible. Of course, under certain circumstance both the Market and Clan approach will deliver better results but the Bureaucratic can withstand high rates of turnover, a high degree of heterogeneity and it does not have very demanding informational needs. Designing Control Mechanisms: Costs and Benefits Two ways of effective people control: 1. Find people that fit needs exactely 2. find people that dont fit exactly but use a managerial system to instruct, monitor and evaluate them Best approach depends on costs. Ad 1. is associated with costs and search and acquisitions but their skills will help to reduce costs in the long-run. Ad 2. includes trainings costs and a the costs for the supervisory system but reduces high turnover. Search and select ‘clan-type’ people: Cost of Search and Acquisition: High Wages Benefit: Perform tasks without instruction, work hard Instruct people into the ‘clan’ system: Cost of training: instruct, monitor, and evaluate unskilled workers (who are likely to be indifferent to learn organization skills and values). High rates of turnover. Costs of monitoring: developing rules, supervising. Benefit: heterogeneous system of people that can be controlled. Explicit rules (codified knowledge) offset turnover costs. Loose coupling and The Clan as a Form of Control New view with impact on designing control mechanisms. The ability to measure either output or behavior which is relevant to the desired performance is critical to the rational application of market or bureaucratic forms of control. Knowledge of transformation process: Tin Can plant: If we understand the technology (e.g. production process and what it takes for a successful production) perfectly, we can achieve effective control by setting rules that lead to behavior and processes that lead to our desired transformation steps. Thus, we can create an effective bureaucratic control mechanism. Womens boutique: On the other hand, if we dont understand what is needed (e.g. control system for womens boutique) to be a successful buyer or merchandiser, we cant create rules. But we can measure output (turnover per buyer, salex volumes,). So we can use the output control mechanism to monitor various indicators and set actions accordingly. Apollo Program: Each step of the transformation (assembling) is crystal clear and we have a output measure (it comes back or not). Thus we have the choice and the lower cost alternative will be preferred: clearly as the cost of failure would be prohibitive (untragbar) and more elaborate behavior control system will be installed. Reseach Lab: We have the ability to define the rules of behavior and we can measure the output which will be some 10 years in the future. Certainly a strong output control system will be used but effectively this cannot guarantee success so neither behavior nor output measurement will be sufficient, leaving us with no rational form of control. Therefore such organizations rely on ritualized, ceremonial forms of controls. This approach only works with the recruitment of a selected few individuals, with the same schooling and professionalization process. Another organizations using this form: Hospitals, Investement banks, Whereas output and behavior control can be implemented through a market or bureaucracy, ceremonial forms of control can be implemented through a clan. Closing observations Depending on the organization and its requirements it has to be choosen which control systems works best. E.g.: manufacturing: behavior and output control vs. service org.: cultural or clan controls. Nevertheless every control system is directed at achieving cooperation by: †¢Market mechanism: each persons contribution is evaluated; combined with a personal loss of reward †¢Clan mechanism: attain cooperation by selecting and sozialising individuals such that their objectives overlap with the organizations objectives †¢Bureaucratic mechanism: does a little of each, partly evaluates performance and partly engenders feelings of commitment to the idea of legitimate authority in hierarchies Two main questions: 1. Clarity with which the performance can be assessed 2. Degree of goal incongruence (either trust each other or control each other)